As a manager, it is crucial to recognise that treating every team member, in the same way, may not always be the most effective approach. While some team members may have earned your trust and consistently demonstrated their hard work and reliability, others may have yet to reach the same level of competence or commitment. However, it is important to pause and reflect on the reasons behind your lack of trust in certain team members. Do you allow this distrust or perception of unreliability to influence your interactions with them, consciously or subconsciously? Are you unintentionally withholding opportunities that could help them grow and succeed?

This dilemma lies at the core of the Leader-Member Exchange Theory (LMX), also known as the Vertical Dyad Linkage Theory. LMX explores the development of relationships between leaders/managers and their team members and elucidates how these relationships can either facilitate growth or hinder progress. 

Understanding the Leader-Member Exchange Theory

The Leader-Member Exchange Theory originated in the 1970s and focuses on the relationships between managers and their subordinates. According to this theory, all manager-subordinate relationships progress through three stages:

1. Role-Taking Stage:

During this initial stage, managers assess the skills and abilities of new team members as they join the group.

2. Role-Making Stage:

New team members actively engage in projects and tasks as part of the team. Managers expect them to work diligently, display loyalty, and establish trustworthiness as they acclimate to their roles.

The theory suggests that, during this stage, managers unconsciously sort team members into two groups:

a. In-Group:

Team members who prove themselves loyal, trustworthy, and skilled are placed in the In-Group. This group comprises individuals whom the manager trusts the most. Managers invest significant attention in this group, providing them with challenging and stimulating work, additional training opportunities, and avenues for advancement. In-Group members often share similar personalities and work ethics with their managers.

b. Out-Group:

Team members who breach the manager's trust and display low motivation or incompetence are placed in the Out-Group. This group is often assigned routine and unchallenging work, receives limited access to the manager, and is excluded from growth and advancement opportunities.

3. Role-Routinisation Stage:

In this final phase, routines are established between team members and their managers.

In-Group members strive to maintain their manager's high opinion by demonstrating trust, respect, empathy, patience, and persistence.

Out-Group members may develop dislike or mistrust towards their managers. Escaping the Out-Group perception is challenging, often requiring team members to switch departments or organisations to start afresh.

Once team members are classified, consciously or unconsciously, as part of the In-Group or Out-Group, this classification influences their manager's subsequent interactions. Consequently, it becomes a self-fulfilling prophecy.

For example, In-Group members are perceived as rising stars, and managers trust them to perform at a high level. Managers communicate with them frequently, offering support, advice, and challenging opportunities to test their skills and grow. Consequently, In-Group members are more likely to thrive and progress in their roles.

The same holds true for the Out-Group. Managers allocate little to no time or effort to support and develop this group. They receive few challenging assignments, minimal training opportunities, and limited chances to alter the manager's perception. 

Applying the Leader-Member Exchange Theory

You can utilise the Leader-Member Exchange Theory to gain awareness of how you perceive your team members. The following three steps outline how you can identify the Out-Group, rebuild your relationship with its members, and provide avenues for team members' growth:

1. Identify Your Out-Group:

You likely already know who belongs to your Out-Group. Take a moment to list their names. Subsequently, analyse the reasons behind their unfavourable standing. Did they do something specific to lose your trust? Do they exhibit disruptive behaviour at work? Are they genuinely incompetent, or are their motivation levels low? Scrutinise their actions and compare them to your perceptions. Do the facts align, or have you inadvertently blown things out of proportion?

2. Reestablish the Relationship:

As a leader, it is essential to rebuild the relationship with Out-Group team members reasonably. Research published in the Leadership Quarterly Journal 1995 demonstrated that team members who maintain high-quality relationships with their leaders exhibit higher morale and productivity than those who do not. Therefore, developing better relationships can benefit both you and your organisation.

Remember that this group might be cautious of your attention or support as they may not have experienced it in the past.

Start by conducting individual meetings with each team member. Use this opportunity to gauge their job satisfaction, understand their career goals, and identify ways to make their work more engaging and challenging.

One-on-one meetings also help unveil the team members' psychological contract with you—the implicit benefits they anticipate from you as their leader. Out-Group members may feel that this psychological contract has been broken.

Additionally, they endeavour to discover their true motivators. Start with the basics. Use these 5 effective tips to lead and motivate your team. 

After reconnecting with your team members through one-on-one meetings, make an effort to maintain contact. Practice walking around or dropping by to offer assistance on projects or tasks. Strive to establish a personal connection with these team members.

3. Provide Training and Development Opportunities:

The primary advantage of the Leader-Member Exchange Theory lies in its ability to alert you to any unconscious bias or potentially unfair treatment of certain team members. This awareness empowers you to offer all team members appropriate training, development, and advancement opportunities.

Out-Group team members can benefit from mentoring or coaching relationships with you. You can learn more about Leadership traits here.

Consider providing them with low-risk opportunities to test and enhance their skills. Employ task allocation strategies to ensure that each individual is assigned tasks that align with their abilities and interests. Moreover, take our Bite-Sized Training session on "Setting Goals for Your Team" to learn how to establish practical and realistic goals for these team members. 

Advantages of Leader-Member Exchange Theory:

The theory offers several advantages for leaders. Firstly, it emphasises the importance of personalised relationships with individual subordinates, enabling leaders to tailor their approach based on each team member's unique needs and capabilities. This individualised approach promotes trust, open communication, and mutual understanding, fostering a positive work environment. Secondly, the LMX model encourages leaders to delegate more responsibilities and provide greater autonomy to in-group members. This can enhance job satisfaction, motivation, and performance among in-group members, who feel valued and recognised. Lastly, by cultivating high-quality exchanges with their subordinates, leaders can foster a sense of loyalty, commitment, and engagement, resulting in increased retention and decreased turnover. Overall, the LMX model provides a framework for leaders to build strong relationships, improve team dynamics, and ultimately enhance organisational effectiveness. 

Disadvantages of Leader-Member Exchange Theory:

While the Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) model offers benefits, it also has some limitations to consider. One potential disadvantage is that the model may lead to the formation of in-groups and out-groups, which can result in perceived favouritism or inequity among teams. This can decrease morale and team cohesion if members perceive unequal treatment. Additionally, the LMX model significantly emphasises leader-subordinate relationships, which may overlook the broader organisational context and the importance of teamwork and collaboration. Another challenge is the potential for biases and subjective judgments in determining in-group and out-group status, which may result in unfair or exclusionary practices. However, despite these limitations, the LMX model can benefit leaders by promoting personalised relationships, trust, and improved communication with individual subordinates.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) model provides a valuable framework for understanding the dynamics of leader-subordinate relationships. While it offers advantages such as personalised interactions, improved communication, and increased job satisfaction among in-group members, it also has limitations. These include the potential for favouritism, inequity, and the exclusion of out-group members. However, when used judiciously, the LMX model can benefit leaders by fostering trust, loyalty, and team engagement. By recognising individual subordinates' unique needs and capabilities, leaders can build strong relationships, enhance team performance, and contribute to overall organisational effectiveness. Ultimately, the success of the LMX model relies on leaders' ability to balance individualised relationships with a broader focus on collaboration and inclusivity.